The Equestrian

Archive for June, 2006

horse show association

Horse Show $14.5 Horse Show

Poof My Horse Show $999999 Poof My Horse Show

Galt Horse Show $12.88 Galt Horse Show

Horse of The Year Show $310.28 Horse of The Year Show at NEC - LG Arena Birmingham on 10/06/2012

Charm Company 82326, Brown Show Horse $152 Brown Show Horse

Keeker And the Horse Show Show-off $11.57 Keeker and her pony Plum enter their very first horse show, where they are confronted by much more experienced riders.

Barbie: Horse Show Champ $4.5 Barbie gets herself and her horse, Tawny, ready for a horse show. When it comes time to make the big jump, Tawny is afraid. With patience and kindness, Barbie coaxes Tawny to take the jump...

The Horse Show Handbook for Kids $19.95 Tens of thousands of kids are already competing in the horse show circuit or are working their way toward that goal. Many more are still dreaming of their first blue ribbon...

The Register Of The American Saddle-horse Breeders Association, Volume 4 $26.36 The Register Of The American Saddle-horse Breeders Association, Volume 4

Crazy Horse Cabaret Show $194.43 Experience a unique mix of aesthetics and glitz at the Crazy Horse cabaret in Paris with its new show, Taboo. Marvel at the perfectly synchronised choreography accompanied by music and light. The Crazy Horse is admirable for its aesthetic celebration of the female form as an expression of art. The interplay of light and graceful dance forms enthral you in this show.A visit to Paris visit would be incomplete without watching the spectacular Crazy Horse cabaret.

Creativity for Kids Mini Kit Mini Show Horse $3.99 Creativity for Kids Mini Kit Mini Show Horse

Gift Corral Clock Horse Show Halter/Belt $35.95 Clock Horse Show Halter/Belt

The Hungarian Plain and Horse Show $60 The rustic landscape around Budapest is delightfully different from the city. Called the pustza, it is an almost desert-like area which has many horse farms. On this unique tour, drive through the pustza to reach the town of Kecskemet. Explore this charming town before a visit to a horse farm. This is a popular attraction in the area and you can enjoy a ride in a horse-drawn carriage and watch man and beast perform together in a spectacular horse show. End the tour with a meal in a traditional csarda (restaurant) on the farm, where live gypsy music will add to the rustic but romantic atmosphere.

Dk Readers Horse Show Level 2 $4.99 Lucy, Alice, and Jack are getting ready for the horse show...

American Horse Show Blue Book, Volume 2 $25.04 American Horse Show Blue Book, Volume 2

Horse gait analyser by computer

 A HORSE GAIT ANALYSIS METHOD
A NEW CONCEPT OF GAIT SELECTION

Written by: Dr. A.P.Toledo, Engineer, Horse Breeder and researcher in Brazil, Vet Assistant and Farrier(USA),Group Coordinator of the Analoc-E (The first Horse Locomotion Analyser Equipment, using fast speed vídeo and processing by computer, with more than 1500 horse gait analysis since 1990).
 ____________________________________
Many people around the world talk about GAIT and GAITED HORSES.
Since many years ago the GAIT was defined based on subjective concepts by the technical people involved with horse locomotion.
The ANALOC-E METHOD came to explain many misconception about GAIT, when Dr. A.P.Toledo with his group of researcher, in Brazil, performed, since 1990, more than 1500 horse gait analysis by Analoc-E Computer and clearly defined what means HOOF STANCE and HOOF PHASE timing, whose relation STANCE/PHASE is called DIAPASON of the gait.
The GAIT SPECTRUM analyses 23 gait parameters, most of them unknown before Dr. Toledo's research was conducted, as Handicap, Asymmetry, Diapason, lateral/diagonal ratio (CL), etc.

Conclusions:
1 - The lateral/diagonal stance ratio called CL is the only parameter able to explain the limits of each type of gait (from the trot to the pace or andadura).
In BRAZIL the ABRECAM (Gaited Horse for Export Association) uses CL from 0,3 (diagonal gait) through 1.25(lateral gait) to approve gaited horses for exportation.
2 - In the last may 2003,during The 2003 Congress of the ABCCMM (Mangalarga Marchador Horse Breeder Association) we got approval to our proposition of using the CL from 0,1 (diagonal gait) through 1.5(lateral gait) to accomplish almost all the horses registered in the stud-book.
3 - The Mangalarga horses in Brazil with gait (diagonal, transitional or trotting gait) are located between the Mangalarga Marchador gait and the trot, have CL from 0,1 through 0, with small lateral stance (below 5%)due the small or zero triple stance of forehands, and very small dissociation during the diagonal stance.
4 - The lateral stance always suceed one triple stance of forehands and this triple needs the existence of a dissociation of the diagonal stance (above 10%) to exist.
5 - The gaited horses with CL between 0,8  and 1.01 have a middle gait, very pleasant and smooth. These are the most special gaited horses for pleasure, trail and gait contest around the world.
6 - Finally, when the CL is between 1.5 and 5 the gait is excessively lateral and above CL=5 we observe the "guinilha", false pace or false andadura (false ambladura). The real pace or andadura (ambladura) is really when CL is 100 or more and there is only lateral and quadruple stances.
In the data bank of more than 1000 gait analysis we found almost 1% of real pace gait analysis.
But, if you are interested to know more about horse gait analysis, please consult the link:http://www.toledohorse.com.br/english
Email to: toledo@toledohorse.com.br

 

About the Author

showmanship horse

In-Hand Showing : Horse Showmanship, Halter $7.55 No Synopsis Available

Magic And Showmanship : A Handbook For Conjurers $15.39 Magic And Showmanship : A Handbook For Conjurers

Slide Showmanship $1.5 This book is in Good Used condition

Junior Showmanship $5.21 This book is in New - Excellent condition

Magic and Showmanship $31.51 This book is in Used condition

Mr. Showmanship $4.99 For everything you do, there's a song that hits the spot. MOG brings them all to you: a world of music on demand, unlimited mobile downloads and ways to discover music free from the limitations of Pandora. The music you love, with you everywhere you go.

Profitable Showmanship $26.76 No Synopsis Available

Horse $18.4 Horse

The Horse $18.63 The Horse

Dallas The Amazing

The Cowboys Auditorium is the latest pit stop of every Dallas Airport Service awaiting the war of showmanship and strength of Manny Pacquaio and Joshua Clottey. It was the first for the 65,000-seater auditorium to host a war of strength, showmanship, and pride. Every shining Sedan in Dallas, TX parked just to witness a history written on the books of glory.

The Cowboys Auditorium is just one of the great sites in the home of the Nowitzki's Mavericks. If you actually ask your Dallas limousine service chauffeurs to take you to an underwater experience in the desert, you will find yourself in tunnel with underwater scenery. And yes, there are live sea turtles and aquatic animals in this 22,000 gallon passageway also known as the Dallas World Aquarium.

If you feel a bit nostalgic about the cowboy days, go ahead and get limo services Fort Worth based agencies who will show you that Fort Worth boasts the wild feeling of the West while merging its economy and lifestyle with the present. It's better to do this with wedding limos Dallas services to get a feel of running away cowboy style in Fort Worth.

When we say, the future is here, Dallas means Business. Only in Dallas and nowhere in the world can you find the only Thrill Amusement Park with the name Zero Gravity Dallas. Why thrill? You try to answer that after bungee jumping, being caught by the Nothing But Net, Skycoaster, Texas Blastoff, and the Skyscraper. This is adrenaline rush over and over again.

For a more serene ambiance, the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Gardens boast an amazing 66 acres of plants, flowers, and woods. Nothing is more soothing than Mother Nature itself.

If you are not yet satisfied with these astounding offers, mold your minds in art, viewing more than 250 sculptures of the 20th century at the Nasher Sculpture Center.

If you want to really the most out of your trip, then go to Downtown Dallas and search for Pioneer Plaza in the middle of Griffin Street and Young Street. The plaza depicts cattle life with cattle and horses made of bronze. Now that's luxurious!

There are a lot of sites in Dallas that are yours for grabs. So stop wondering being a cowboy or a cowgirl. Take a break from your busy life and experience the wild side of your existence. Take in mind that for our humanity to be complete, we must explore our true nature. We came from the wild, surefire we can live the wild.

About the Author

Andrew Beene is an expert writer that writes about dallas limousine service, dallas airport service, wedding limos dallas.For more information about the site, visit http://www.ashlimoservice.com/

riders

Riders $7.35 Riders

Planet Riders: Planet Riders $11.84 Planet Riders: Planet Riders

Riders of Destiny/Riders of the Desert $5.72 Riders of Destiny/Riders of the Desert

PHANTOM RIDERS: PHANTOM RIDERS $15 PHANTOM RIDERS: PHANTOM RIDERS

Sky Riders $9.99 Sky Riders

The Renegade Riders $12.99 The Renegade Riders

Planet Riders $8.49 Planet Riders

The Long Riders $8.99 The Long Riders

Warp Riders $8.49 Warp Riders

Riders Of The Plague $8.49 Riders Of The Plague

Riders On The Storm $10.49 Riders On The Storm

Riders To The Sea $10.49 Riders To The Sea

Ghost Riders $8.49 Ghost Riders

Riders Anonymous $13.99 Riders Anonymous

The Night Riders $16.41 The Night Riders

Riddim Riders $15.56 Riddim Riders

Riders on the Storm $13.44 Riders on the Storm

Riders Of The Storm $6.92 Riders Of The Storm

Riders of Deseret $19.37 Riders of Deseret

Riders of the Silences $14.65 Riders of the Silences

Boar Riders $14.79 Boar Riders

Riders for Life Insurance Explained

Riders are additional conditions and benefits you can add to your life insurance policy for a fee to tailor the policy to meet your specific needs. You need to evaluate each rider based on the cost and benefits of the rider in your specific situation. Some common riders available are listed below.

Accidental Death and Dismemberment Rider for Life Insurance Explained

An accidental death and dismemberment rider is a low cost rider which is available with most term and whole life insurance policies. The rider increases the amount your beneficiaries receive if you die in an accident and pays out a set amount to you if you lose an eye or a limb. Many consider these riders unnecessary. The increased death benefit is only available if you die in an accident and the dismemberment portion will only cover loss of a limb or eye and not a debilitating disease that prevents you from earning a living. If you are looking for insurance to cover your family's expenses if you can no longer work you are better off purchasing a comprehensive health insurance policy or a separate disability insurance policy. These policies provide better coverage than a dismemberment rider and offer a better value for most individuals.

Family Income Benefit and Disability Income Riders for Life Insurance Explained

The family income benefit rider pays the death benefit and a monthly income to the beneficiary for a specified duration if the insured dies before the end of the specified term. For example, a fifteen year rider will pay the beneficiary a monthly income or a lump sum equal to the monthly income specified if the insured dies before the fifteen year period for the remainder of the fifteen year period. This rider may be useful if you are providing a substantial portion of the family's income in providing a regular income for a transitional period after your death in addition to the death benefit. The disability income rider guarantees a specified level of income for as long as the disability lasts or for a specified time should the insured become totally and permanently disabled. These riders usually also waive the premiums due on the life insurance policy for a period of time. The income payments are generally limited to a percentage of the face value of the policy; often the payments are limited to 1% of the face value so the disability rider is not as beneficial to the insured as a separate disability policy which provides a larger monthly income in the event of disability.

Renewability/Guaranteed Insurability and Convertibility Riders for Term Life Insurance Explained

If you are purchasing a term life insurance policy and considering renewing the policy in the future a renewability or guaranteed insurability rider is a good idea. These riders guarantee the policy's renewability at the end of the term without additional proof of your insurability. In order to take advantage of this provision, you are often required to renew your policy within a set number of days and failure to do so will void the guarantee. Some of these riders expire at a certain age so read the rider carefully to make sure it covers your specific needs before purchasing the rider. A convertibility rider allows the insured to convert a term life policy to a whole life term or annual renewable term policy if desired before the end of a specified time regardless of your medical history or condition. Converting your term policy to a permanent policy means never having to worry about outliving your insurance protection as long as you are able to make the required premium payments to keep the permanent policy in effect. If you are at all interested in converting your term policy at a future date to a whole life policy this rider would be useful.

About the Author

Evaluating Insurance Riders

Make sure you are comfortable and you understand all the terms of the life insurance riders you are considering. Having the riders for the life insurance explained fully by a trusted financial advisor is a good idea if you are not sure after doing your own research into the options.

palgrave horse show

Horse Show $14.5 Horse Show

Poof My Horse Show $999999 Poof My Horse Show

Galt Horse Show $12.88 Galt Horse Show

Horse of The Year Show $310.28 Horse of The Year Show at NEC - LG Arena Birmingham on 10/06/2012

Charm Company 82326, Brown Show Horse $152 Brown Show Horse

Keeker And the Horse Show Show-off $11.57 Keeker and her pony Plum enter their very first horse show, where they are confronted by much more experienced riders.

Barbie: Horse Show Champ $4.5 Barbie gets herself and her horse, Tawny, ready for a horse show. When it comes time to make the big jump, Tawny is afraid. With patience and kindness, Barbie coaxes Tawny to take the jump...

Palgrave''s Golden Treasury $25.04 Palgrave''s Golden Treasury

Palgrave Family Memorials $20.13 Palgrave Family Memorials

The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies $136.62 The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies

The Horse Show Handbook for Kids $19.95 Tens of thousands of kids are already competing in the horse show circuit or are working their way toward that goal. Many more are still dreaming of their first blue ribbon...

Crazy Horse Cabaret Show $194.43 Experience a unique mix of aesthetics and glitz at the Crazy Horse cabaret in Paris with its new show, Taboo. Marvel at the perfectly synchronised choreography accompanied by music and light. The Crazy Horse is admirable for its aesthetic celebration of the female form as an expression of art. The interplay of light and graceful dance forms enthral you in this show.A visit to Paris visit would be incomplete without watching the spectacular Crazy Horse cabaret.

Creativity for Kids Mini Kit Mini Show Horse $3.99 Creativity for Kids Mini Kit Mini Show Horse

Gift Corral Clock Horse Show Halter/Belt $35.95 Clock Horse Show Halter/Belt

The Hungarian Plain and Horse Show $60 The rustic landscape around Budapest is delightfully different from the city. Called the pustza, it is an almost desert-like area which has many horse farms. On this unique tour, drive through the pustza to reach the town of Kecskemet. Explore this charming town before a visit to a horse farm. This is a popular attraction in the area and you can enjoy a ride in a horse-drawn carriage and watch man and beast perform together in a spectacular horse show. End the tour with a meal in a traditional csarda (restaurant) on the farm, where live gypsy music will add to the rustic but romantic atmosphere.

Estonian Vocabulary

Germanic languages

The heaviest external contribution, nearly one third of the vocabulary, comes from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 2225 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.

Ex nihilo lexical enrichment

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschpfung, i.e. they created new words out of nothing. Examples are Ado Grenzstein's coinages kabe raughts, chequers and male hess.

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (18801973), also used creations ex nihilo (cf. ree constructions, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). Aavik belonged to the so-called Noor-Eesti (oung Estonia) movement, which appeared in Tartu, a university town in south-eastern Estonia, around 1905 (for discussion, see Raun 1991). In Aavik dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo. Consider ese bject, kolp kull, liibuma o cling, naasma o return, come back, nme tupid, dull, range trict, reetma o betray, solge lim, flexible, graceful (which did not gain currency, cf. Contemporary Estonian graatsiline raceful, although the word itself, interestingly, is used for a certain kind of parasitic worm, namely the Ascaris lumbricoides), and veenma o convince. Other Aavikisms ex nihilo (not appearing in Aavik 1921) include nentima o admit, state, nrdima o grow indignant, sme onscience, and tik act."

Note, however, that many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider relv eapon versus English revolver, roim rime versus English crime, siiras incere versus English sincere/serious embama o embrace versus English embrace, and taunima o condemn, disapprove versus Finnish tuomita o judge (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik 1921 dictionary). Consider also evima o have, possess, own (cf. also Estonian omama o own, and mul on, lit. o me is, i.e. or me there is, meaning have) versus English have; laup orehead versus Russian lob orehead; mrv urder and mrvama o murder versus English murder (these Aavikisms do not appear in Aavik 1921); and laip orpse versus German Leib ody and German Leiche ody, corpse. These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. The often irregular and arbitrary sound changes could then be explained not as subconscious foreign influence but rather as conscious manipulation by the coiner. Aavik seems to have paid little attention to the origin of his neologisms. On occasion, he replaced existing native words or expressions with neologisms of foreign descent. Therefore, Aavik cannot be considered a purist in the traditional sense, i.e. he was not nti-foreignisms/loanwords as such.

Table of word production

Proposed origin

No. of word roots

Period

Examples

Nostratic (hypothetical, highly controversial)

130?

... 10 000 BC

m(in)a 'I', s(in)a 'thou', vesi 'water', tabama 'to catch, seize, capture, hit', arbuma 'to magic, charm', puur 'auger', poeg 'son', pkk 'ball of the foot', keel 'tongue', pelgama 'to be afraid, fear', sva 'deep-seated, profound', vedama 'to pull, draw, drag, carry, drive', ks 'one', nimi 'name', too 'that', kes 'who'

Uralic

120

50004000 BC

ala 'under, sub', la 'upper, top', esi 'front', taga 'behind'; see 'this, it', mis 'what', ei 'no'; minema 'to go', tulema 'to come', tundma 'to feel', ujuma 'to swim', pelgama 'to be afraid, fear', kaduma 'to disappear', mskma 'to wash'; puu 'tree', kuusk 'spruce, fir(-tree)', kiv 'birch', murakas 'cloudberry', suvi 'summer', pev 'day', kaja 'echo', kuu 'moon, Luna', lumi 'snow', soo 'marsh, bog, swamp', juga 'jet; falls, waterfall', kala 'fish', k 'snake; blindworm', sisalik 'lizard'; keel 'tongue; language', krv 'ear', luu 'bone', maks 'liver', plv 'knee', psk 'cheek', silm 'eye', muna 'egg', neelama 'to swallow', pala 'piece', sulg 'feather', tuli 'fire', ssi 'ember(s), coal', suusk 'ski', nool 'arrow', sudma 'to row', punuma 'to knit', vask 'copper', v 'belt, girdle'; elama 'to live; to dwell', koolma 'to die, pass away, decease', vgi 'power, vigour, strength, might, force', sala 'secretly', naine 'woman'; kaks 'two', viis 'five'

Finno-Ugric

270

40003000 BC

aju 'brain', di 'marrow', hing 'soul', pea 'head', pii 'tooth', sapp 'gall, bile', vats 'belly, stomach'; aru 'sense, reason', j 'ice', koit 'dawn, daybreak, Aurora', voor 'drumlin', paju 'willow', pihl 'rowan', kask 'birch', mari 'berry', pohl 'cowberry', kamar 'rind', rebane 'fox', nugis 'marten', siil 'hedgehog', utt 'ewe', hiir 'mouse', p 'grouse', mtus 'capercaillie', vares 'crow', psuke 'swallow', sga 'catfish', sinas 'ide', srg 'roach', ti 'louse', kusilane 'ant', koi 'moth, bug'; koda 'house, hall', kla 'village'; plema 'burn, blaze', kdema 'burn, heat', pada 'pot', leem 'soup, broth, brew', vi 'butter', vits 'knife', vestma 'carve', sau 'clay; stock for walking'; sba 'robe'; kolm 'three', neli 'four', kuus 'six'; nid 'witch', ise 'self', ilm 'weather, air'; talv 'winter', sgis 'autumn', iga 'age'; isa 'father', poeg 'son', kdi 'brother-in-law', kond '-hood'; valge 'white', hahk 'gray; eider', uus 'new', sepp 'blacksmith'

Finno-Permic

50140

25001500 BC

kht 'stomach', kri 'throat', sr 'leg, shank', koobas 'cave', prm 'dust, earth', snnik 'dung', peda(jas) 'pine tree', kuslapuu 'honeysuckle', oks 'branch', phkel 'nut', kiud 'fiber', peni 'dog', orav 'squirrel', kotkas 'eagle'; rehi 'threshing barn', kuduma 'to weave, to knit', amb 'crossbow', mla 'oar, paddle', ng 'angle', i 'father-in-law', ike 'thunder', parem 'right, better', vana 'old'; luna 'south, midday', meel 'mind'

Finno-Volgaic

100150

15001000 BC

selg 'back', koon 'snout', kpp 'paw', vaim 'spirit'; kevad 'spring', tht 'star', jrv 'lake', haab 'aspen', saar 'ash tree', tamm 'oak', vaher 'maple', sarapuu 'hazel', lg 'straw', lehm 'cow', siga 'pig', pett 'buttermilk', jahvatama to grind', kurg 'crane, stork', kurvits 'sandpiper', parm 'horse fly', ssk 'midge'; keema 'to boil', hiilgama 'to glow, to gleam', kis 'sleeve', piir 'border'; vene 'boat'; lell 'uncle, father's brother'; jumal 'god'; aher 'barren', jahe 'cool', kva 'hard', sva 'deep'; kargama 'to jump', pesema 'to wash', psima 'to stay, to remain', lpsma 'to milk'

Finno-Lappic

130150

1000500 BC

vihm 'rain', sammal 'moss', org 'valley', vili 'grain, fruit', psas 'bush', pud 'draught', nn 'happiness, fortune', veli 'brother', ime 'miracle', luule 'poetry', taga 'back, behind', tsi 'truth',nlg 'hunger', kll 'surely'

Baltic-Finnic

600800

500 BC 800 AD

pder 'elk', oja 'stream', udu 'fog', hobu 'horse', mnd 'pine tree'; kne 'talk, speech', sna 'word'; aeg 'time', eile 'yesterday'; laps 'child', rahvas 'people', linn 'town'; nuga 'knife', king 'shoe'; julge 'bold'

Estonian and unknown

appr. 1000

 

rni 'silicium', roie 'rib', salk 'bunch', videvik 'twilight', jrak 'gorge, valley', ila 'saliva', aas 'meadow', lubi 'lime', lhn 'smell', kaan 'leech', kesv 'barley', rp 'cloak', hiili- 'to sneak', mahe 'sweet, gentle', mru 'bitter', raip 'carrion', roni- 'to climb' + numerous onomatopoetic-descriptive words

Artificial

5060

 

veenma 'to persuade, convince', roim 'crime' (probably derived from the English 'crime'), laip 'dead body, corpse' (probably derived from the German 'Leib'), kolp 'scull', relv 'weapon, arm', ese 'thing', sme 'conscience; scruple', mrv 'murder' (probably derived from the German 'Mord'), ulm 'dream', siiras 'sincere, candid', range 'rigorous, stern, severe, austere, strict, inexorable, relentless' (? German 'streng', Swedish 'strng'), sulnis 'sweet, meek, mild', nme 'silly', taunima 'to disapprove, deprecate, deplore', naasma 'to return', reetma 'to betray' (probably from the German '(ver)raten'), embama 'to embrace'; eirama 'to ignore', eramu 'private house', etlema 'to perform', klar 'loudspeaker', klmik 'refrigerator', meede 'measure', meene 'souvenir', siirdama 'to transplant', teave 'information', teismeline 'teenager', teler 'TV set', llitis 'publication', randama, levima, sva(muusika), taies 'piece of art', rula 'skateboard'

Proto-Indo-European loans (hypothetical)

appr. 50

50003000 BC

higi 'sweat', huul 'lip', koib 'leg', krv 'ear', kube 'groin', klg 'side', liha 'meat', lug 'chin', nahk 'skin, leather', rind 'breast', selg 'back'; mgi 'hill, mountain', mets 'forest', neem 'cape', nmm 'moor', oja 'stream', org 'valley', saar 'island', soo 'bog'; ahven 'perch', haug 'pike', koger 'crucian carp', koha 'pike-perch', rbis 'vendace', siig 'whitefish', vimb 'vimba bream', jnes 'hare', konn 'frog'; helmes 'bead'

Indo-European and Indo-Iranian loans

2045

30001000 BC

mesi 'honey', sool 'salt', osa 'part', sada 'hundred', prsas 'piglet', varss 'calf', sarv 'horn', puhas 'clean', vasar 'hammer'

Proto-Baltic and Baltic loans

100150

1500500 BC

hammas 'tooth', hani 'goose', hein 'hay', hernes 'pea', him 'tribe', oinas 'weather', puder 'porridge', prgu 'hell', ratas 'wheel', seeme 'seed', sein 'wall', mets 'wood', luht 'waterside meadow', sber 'friend', tuhat 'thousand', vagu 'furrow', regi 'sledge', vill 'wool', veel 'more, still', kael 'neck', kirves 'axe', laisk 'lazy'

Proto-Germanic and Germanic loans

380

2000 BC 13th century

agan, ader 'plough', humal, kana 'hen', kaer 'oats', rukis 'rye', lammas 'sheep', leib 'bread', pld 'field'; aer 'oar', mrd 'fish trap', laev 'ship', noot 'seine, sweep net', puri 'sail'; kuld 'gold', raud 'iron', tina 'tin'; sukk 'stocking', katel 'kettle', knal 'candle', taigen 'dough'; kuningas 'king', laen 'loan', luna 'ransom, bail', raha 'money', rikas 'rich', vald 'parish, community'; kalju 'rock', kallas 'shore', rand 'coast'; armas 'dear', taud 'disease', kaunis 'beautiful', ja 'and'

Old Slavic loans

5075

10th13th century

aken 'window', sahk 'plough', sirp 'sickle', turg 'market', teng(elpung) 'money', pagan 'heathen', papp 'priest', raamat 'book', rist 'cross', kasukas 'fur coat'

Proto-Latvian loans

40

6th7th century

kanep 'hemp', lts 'lentil', magun 'poppy', udras 'otter', kuts 'tomcat', palakas 'sheet', lupard 'rag', harima 'cultivate, educate, clean', kukkel 'bun', vanik 'garland', laabuma 'to thrive', kauss 'bowl', mulk 'inhabitant of Viljandi county', pastel 'leather slipper'

Low Saxon loans

750

12th16th century

kool 'school',neer 'kidney', ribi 'rib'; kruus 'gravel', torm 'storm';' krvits 'pumpkin', peet 'beet', salat 'salad', petersell 'parsley', mnt 'coin', kmen 'caraway, cumin', loorber 'laurel', palm 'palm (tree)', tamm 'dam', roos 'rose', ploom 'plum'; hunt 'wolf; hound', kk 'kitchen', kruubid 'groat', kringel 'kringle, type of pastry', pannkook 'pancake', pekk 'lard', prantssai 'type of pastry', slt 'brawn', vorst 'sausage', li 'oil', trklis 'starch', pruukost 'breakfast', kruus 'mug', pann 'pan', ptt 'barrel', korv 'basket', lhker 'bota', toober 'tub', tiik 'pond', lamp 'lamp', lhter 'chandelier'; krid 'scissors', teljed 'looms', vokk 'spinning wheel', luend 'canvas', samet 'velvet', siid 'silk', vilt 'felt', kuub 'coat', krt 'skirt', loor 'veil', mts 'cap', muda 'mud', mantel 'coat', pksid 'pants, trousers', vammus 'coat', np 'button'; hoov 'courtyard', hrber 'mansion', kelder 'cellar', kemmerg 'toilet', korsten 'chimney', ruum 'room', saal 'hall', tall 'stables', haamer 'hammer', hing 'hinge', hvel 'planer', kellu 'trowel', kapp 'cupboard', pink 'bench', tool 'stool', trepp 'stairs', vall 'wall, ridge', vlv 'vault'; jaht 'hunt', jger 'hunter, hunt mnager, game warden', kants 'stronghold', ktt 'hunter', laager 'camp', lahing 'battle', piir 'border', pss 'gun, rifle', tk 'bayonet', vaht 'watch'; altar 'altar', ingel 'angel', jnger 'disciple', psalm 'psalm', prohvet 'prophet', salm 'verse', preester 'priest', troost 'consolation', pihtima 'to confess', vrmnder 'church warden, beadle', piiskop 'bishop', sant 'beggar, cripple'; preili 'miss, maiden', memm 'old woman', mats 'boor, hick', hrra 'gentleman', proua 'lady', kelm 'dodger, rascal, cheat', narr 'joker, fool', naaber 'neighbour', kuller 'courrier', laat 'fair, market', selts 'society, club', krahv 'count', saks 'German, nobleman', arst 'doctor', plaaster 'tape, plaster'; hangeldama 'smuggle', krima 'scour', tingima 'to bargain', kortel 'quartern', matt 'a measure', toll 'inch', vaagima 'to weigh', viht 'weight', r 'rent', paar 'pair', piik 'spike, lance', tosin 'dozen', veerand 'quarter'; nrid 'new year', reede 'Friday', tund 'hour', vastlad 'shrovetide'; ankur 'anchor', kiil 'keel', tr 'steer', praam 'pram, ferry', madrus 'sailor', pootsman 'boatswain', kotermann 'ship gremlin', loots 'pilot', kipper 'skipper'; kaart 'map, card', kunst 'art', maaler 'painter', maalima 'to paint', paber 'paper', trkkima 'to print', uurima 'to search, study, survey', trumm 'drum', tantsima 'to dance', piip 'pipe', vilepill 'whistle', pasun 'horn, trumpet'; just 'just, namely', topelt 'double', vrt 'valuable'

Swedish loans

140

13th17th century

kratt 'stealing demon', kroonu 'army, government', kuunar 'schooner', pagar 'baker', nkk 'mermaid, nix', plasku 'flask', plika 'girl', tasku 'pocket', rim 'herring', tnder 'barrel', moor 'old woman', puldan, tont 'ghost, demon'

Russian loans

350

14th20th century

kapsas, tatar, puravik, riisikas, sihvka, kiisu, suslik, kulu, prussakas, tarakan, naarits, soobel, uss; noos, moiva, vobla, mutt; kamorka, putka, sara, lobudik, trahter, koiku, nari, pruss, tkat; hlst, kamass, kirsa, kombinesoon, kott, puhvaika, marli, pintsak, retuusid, trussikud; kiisel, pontik, rosolje, rupskid, bor, uhhaa, morss, samagon; batoon, kissell, plombiir, povidlo, alkk, uhhaa; plotski, mahorka, pabeross; mannerg, kopsik; nuut, kantsik, piits, tupik, relss, jaam; kabi, knopka; kasakas, kasarmu, karauul, katelok, kiiver, munder, nekrut, pagun, polk, ranits, sinel, tentsik, utsitama, timukas, rajoon, trm, pops, artell; palakas, haltuura, parseldama, parisnik, siva, tolk, tots, pujn, kitt, tuur, ladna, prosta, sutike; kaanima, kostitama, kruttima, kupeldama

(High) German loans

500

16th20th century

larhv, lokk, seitel; kastan, pappel, kirss, jasmiin, jorjen, kartul, tulp, vihk; ahv, auster, kalkun, siisike, miisu, mops, taks, kits, vau, viidikas, nepp, pistrik; klimp, klops, kotlet, kompvek, supp, tort, viiner, soust, vahvel, vrts, vein; jope, kittel, kampsun, kleit, vest, lips, vrvel, sall, pluus; kamin, pliit, kr(kamber), sahver, latter, kabel, palat; pult, sohva, leen, kummut, kardin, sahtel; uur, klade, klamber, latern, sihverplaat, silt; opman, oober, tisler, tudeng, velsker, virtin, antvrk, aadlik, krner, kilter, kutsar, lrm, oksjon, krempel, klat; krehvtine, hull, liiderlik, napp, noobel, ontlik, plass, tumm, trammis; kleepima, klantsima, mehkeldama, sehkendama, rehkendama, trimpama, pummeldama, praalima, turnima; ahoi, proosit, hurraa, hopp, hallo

Finnish loans

90

19th20th century

aare, sangar, harras, jenka, julm, jik, snge, tehas, uljas, vaist, vihjama, silima, kuvama, haihtuma, anastama

Hebrew loans

< 5

 

jaana(lind) 'ostrich', tohuvabohu 'chaos'

Romani loans

<5

 

manguma 'to beg'

References

^ Liin, Helgi 1968. Alamsaksa laensnadest 16. ja 17. sajandi eesti kirjakeeles. Emakeele Seltsi aastaraamat 13, 1967. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 4770 (Estonian)

^ History of Estonian vocabulary (Estonian)

^ a b c See p. 149 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003, Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

^ See p. 150 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003, Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

Categories: Estonian language | Vocabulary
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